Damping Encapsulation/Bonding

Potting or bonding with a vibration-damping material reduces vibrations, stabilizes contact zones and minimizes mechanical stimulation caused by the electrical signal, which can otherwise couple back into the signal as an undesired nonlinearity via electromagnetic interaction. Active and passive macro-microphony is thus effectively suppressed.

Film Thickness of the Dielectric

A larger film thickness lowers the field strength in the dielectric and thus reduces the field-related mechanical forces on electrodes and film. The coil becomes mechanically quieter and less susceptible to resonance, and macro microphones are significantly reduced — but at the expense of size and capacity per volume. Film thickness is therefore a conscious key parameter for specifically reconciling physical stability and sound sovereignty with other design requirements, such as size or capacity requirements.

Tonal Effects

• larger, more relaxed playback without tonal nervousness
• better audibility for complex music
• Clarity without aggressiveness; precision instead of resonance-related sharpness
• quieter background and more stable order in the sound image

Optimized Winding Tension plus Stabilization

Optimized winding tension and additional stabilization mechanically calm the wrap and significantly reduce macro-microphone effects — for a quieter background, a more stable stage and clean transients, even with dynamic music and higher levels.

Tonal effects

• more peace and order in the sound image
• More precise positioning and a more stable stage
• clearer microdetails without smudging

Massive Metal Foil

Solid metal foil means: A real metal foil forms the electrode — not a wafer-thin coating. This provides very high, uniform conductivity along the coil, reduces field gradients and enables high current carrying capacity. The higher film weight reduces field force-related vibrations and the electrode remains stable even under impulse load. This creates a robust basis for demanding applications that transfers energy directly and in a load-stable manner — without “flickering” on the electrode side.

Tonal effects

• More pressure and control in the bass/root tone, with clearer contours instead of buzzing
• Superior at level peaks: less compression, more headroom and punch without harshness
• Cleaner transients and more stable dynamics, even with fast pulse trains
• Quieter, more ordered sound: less flicker/internal discolouration, better audibility in complex passages

Metallized Paper — Acoustic Buffer in the Wrap

Metallized paper brings a substrate into the capacitor coil with its own mechanical damping: The fiber structure creates internal friction and converts vibrational energy into heat. Depending on the fiber mix, density and hardness, the resonance behavior can be specifically shaped; in combination with oil, resonances are smoothed out and effectively dispersed. Mundorf deliberately chooses the papers in combination with foil and oil to acoustically calm the wrap without losing clarity.

Tonal effects

• Persistent winding resonances no longer manifest as a bell-shaped resonance curve, but instead fade away quickly and unobtrusively
• The base tone and voices look more natural, organic and free from tinny or hollow colors
• Voices, piano and woodwinds appear rounder and more credible — without becoming dull

Vacuum Oil Impregnation

Vacuum oil impregnation involves displacing air from the coil and drawing a special oil — whose dielectric and hydromechanical properties optimize the desired acoustic characteristics of the coil structure — into every pore under a vacuum. The oil wets film and paper surfaces, stabilizes the wrap from the inside and dampens extensive movements — macro microphony is reduced deep in the wrap structure. In this way, the capacitor remains mechanically quiet even with high pulses and dynamics and does not falsify the music signal through its own movements.

Tonal effects

• Reverb decays, fading processes and quiet room information are more prominent because the wrap inside is calmed down
• Even with high dynamics, the sound remains calm and orderly; loud passages do not drown out the quieter details
• Transients (blowing noises, string strokes, cymbal impulses) come precisely, completely and without sharpness
• Overall impression: relaxed, controlled and at the same time exceptionally detailed

Additional Layer of Paper — Decoupling Layer in the Wrap

Additional layers of paper in the wrap act as decoupling layers: Large wrapping packs no longer vibrate as a rigid whole, but resonances break down into many small, rapidly subsiding movements. As a result, sensitivity to housing vibrations, loudspeaker vibrations and structure-borne noise is significantly reduced. At Mundorf, the position and type of paper are specifically coordinated in order to calm down critical responses without losing openness and clarity.

Tonal effects

• Critical frequency ranges remain ordered; resonances do not dominate
• The base and lower midtones appear calmer, more controlled and less “hollow”
• Roaring and rocking are reduced — the loudspeaker appears tamed without being braked
• Voices, piano and woodwinds appear rounder and more credible without becoming dull

Round Wire

Round wire coils are the tried and tested standard design: A solid conductor is formed into a winding and provides an easily calculable inductance. In terms of sound, DC resistance (R_DC) is decisive here because it directly influences efficiency and control — especially in the bass range.

Encapsulation in a housing with visco-elastic sealing compound

Encapsulation in a housing with visco-elastic sealing compound means: The capacitor wrap is mechanically calmed and permanently fixed in the fixed housing — not only against external vibrations, but also against stimulation from the music signal itself. This is because alternating current generates field forces that can set the winding in motion; this is precisely what causes macro-microphonic feedback when the capacitor winding resonates. The encapsulation prevents this feedback from building up: coupled energy is absorbed by the viscoelastic layer, resonances are widely dispersed and their amplitude is reduced – resonance peaks are effectively eliminated.

Tonal effects

• Stable, relaxed stage even at high levels — the capacitor remains “silent”
• Clear location: Voices and instruments retain their shape and position
• Less housing noise and structure-borne noise — the sound appears sorted and focused
• More audibility: quiet room information and fine details are retained even when dynamic

Manila Hemp Paper

Tight, controlled winding structures are a key requirement for reducing macro-microphonic effects in the electrolytic capacitor. The high-quality Manila hemp paper does more than just electrically separate the films: It acts as a damping separator in the wrap. Its fiber-elastic structure reduces vibrational energy and shock impulses instead of being felt as “pumps” in the supply. Forces from current pulses and mechanical stimuli are distributed more evenly so that the coil remains smoother. The result is a more stable energy output — particularly under load and with dynamic music.

Acoustic effects

• quieter background with high dynamics
• more control in bass during peak loads
• Fewer “pumps” of the supply under pulse load
• more stable overall impression at higher levels

Baked Varnish Wire/ Resin Soaking

Baked varnish wire is enamel-insulated wire with an additional, activatable hot-melt outer layer, which has an adhesive effect when heated. The windings are thus fixed together.

Impact in practice

• The coil becomes mechanically stable and „works“ significantly less
• Micro-movements between windings are reduced
• In particular, this reduces macro-microphonic effects (the windings „work“ less) and increases “silence” during operation

Resin soaking as an alternative to baked varnish wire

If no baked lacquer wire is used, resin soaking carried out under vacuum can take over the mechanical fixing. The resin penetrates into the wrap, reduces cavities and degrees of freedom of movement and transforms the wrap into a stable compound. The result: significantly less macro microphones and an overall quieter, more precise operation of the coil.

Rectangular Wire

Structurally much more dimensionally stable than traditional round wire. Its geometry allows it to be wound more tightly, enabling a lower R_DC and more compact dimensions while maintaining the same inductance.

At the same time, the higher stiffness reduces the mechanical movement of the coil under load. This reduces macro-microphony and prevents coil vibrations from feeding back into the music signal as unwanted components.

The result: greater control, more tranquility, and a clearer rendering of dynamics.

Resin-Soaked Film Spools with Paper Insulator

Resin-soaked paper serves as an insulator in film coils and at the same time as a mechanical stabilizer of the wrapping package. As a result of the vacuum, the impregnating medium penetrates deeply, fills pores and cavities and combines the layers to form a compact composite.

This reduces macro microphony—i.e. the swirling of the wrap—to a minimum. The result is maximum silence, higher fine-tuning and superior dynamics, particularly in the bass and fundamental tone region.

Polypropylene as the Insulator

The conductor of the coil is a foil made of (Angelique) copper, silver, or (Angelique) silver-gold. Unlike enameled copper wire, for example, the foil is not coated with enamel for insulation; instead, a polypropylene film wound together with the foil conductor serves as the insulator.

Electrical strengths

• Compared to wire enamels, polypropylene has a low dielectric constant and very low dielectric losses → very low parasitic capacitance
• The polypropylene film is thicker than a typical wire enamel coating → further reduced parasitic capacitance
• A foil coil tightly wound with PP film forms an extremely solid block. The softer PP film also provides strong damping against mechanical vibrations.

Non-Magnetic Connections

Non-magnetic connections minimize micro-microphone modulations in the current path. In a power supply capacitor, the current flows not only through the coil, but also through the connecting wires and contact points — and this is exactly where ferromagnetic materials can produce undesired effects. Non-magnetic connection materials avoid magnetization and hysteresis in the conductor and thus reduce current-synchronous, very fine impedance modulations. This is a micro-microphonic measure in the actual power path: The connection is closer to the ideal conductor, without “magnetic interference.” In addition, there is additional electrotechnical benefit because non-magnetic, highly conductive materials often lower and stabilize contact and transition resistances. As a result, energy is available more evenly at the amplifier stage — and the sound remains quieter and more controlled.

Tonal effects

• quieter background and less “grit” with complex music
• more stable transients because the current path is less finely modulated
• clearer contours and cleaner room images at high levels
• more consistent sound quality due to more stable contact and conduction conditions

Angelique silver/gold alloy

Angelique silver/gold is a copper-silver—gold alloy in accordance with the Angelique concept, which implements the triad of the sound properties of copper, silver and gold with different focal points: Silver provides maximum conductivity, long free path lengths and very low 1/f noise levels for the finest signal guidance; gold stabilizes grain boundaries and interfaces within the conductor and smooths the microspectrum . The Angelique approach also weaves the sound properties of a copper foundation into the background — warmth and familiarity as a supporting basis, without obscuring the luminosity. This creates maximum tracing against a very quiet background — and a reproduction that, through freedom from interference and distractions, is able to connect the listener directly to the soul of the music, so that the spirit of making music is palpable.

Sound effects

• Very high transparency and fine texture, simultaneously colorful and emotionally touching
• Dense, deep, quiet stage — you dive into the sound space
• Clarity and structure (silver) plus heart, rhythm and joy of playing (gold), grounded by copper
• Suitable for long-term use: high presence without hardness, lots of color without mess
• Voices appear physical and “close”; expression and intention are immediately comprehensible
• The sound connects the listener directly to the soul of the music: clarity, color and inner warmth merge in such a way that the spirit of making music is palpable — not as an effect, but as a direct immersion in the artistic intention.

Copper Metallization (Cu)

Copper metallization combines very high conductivity with robust, easily controllable behavior. The independent interface and transition profile of copper creates a characteristic micro-microphonic behavior, which is particularly relevant in terms of sound in the base and midtone ranges. Copper is ideal when natural timbres, bodies and long-term suitability are paramount.

Tonal effects

• More warmth and body in the base and midtones
• Voices and acoustic instruments appear more natural and “human”
• Relaxed, long-term listening with a concert hall character

OFC Copper

• Purity: at least 99.995% Cu, often 99.999% (4N) or higher
• Feature: almost oxygen-free (typically <10 ppm)
• Result: more stable grain boundaries, less oxide formation, more uniform electron flow

Aluminum metallization (100% aluminum instead of zinc-aluminum mixture)

Pure aluminum metallization replaces the zinc-aluminum mixture commonly used in industry with a homogeneous metal structure. This reduces interface effects at the grain boundaries , stabilizes the conductivity across the electrode surface and results in a significantly quieter noise spectrum. For example, the basic design of an MCap is audibly different from typical industrial capacitors.

Tonal Effects

• Darker, quieter background — subtle artifacts recede
• Clearer, clearer stage without rough-metallic side effects
• Quiet, well-defined overall sound — a real introduction to audiophile quality

Angelique Copper metallization

Angelique copper metallization combines the physicality of copper with the transparency of silver and the color of gold. The result is a quiet, high-resolution and at the same time colorful sound that not only enables concentrated, fatigue-free listening over longer periods of time , but is also timelessly beautiful and touching.

Tonal Effects

• Body and warmth with clear tracing
• More transparency, finer texture, no hardness
• Richer timbres and a calm, “dark” background
• More stable stage and more credible voice presence

Angelique copper connection wires

Angelique copper connection wires use a Cu—Ag—Au alloy specially designed for this application with particularly quiet micro-microphonic behavior. This metallurgical quality makes a clearly audible contribution to stability, fine texture and long-term suitability in the overall system. At the same time, Angelique copper is ideal for joining and processing with the capacitor coil: This creates transitions between coil and wire that remain exceptionally stable and consistent — of a quality that is not achievable with standard materials.

Sound effects

• Quieter background and less subtle interference artifacts
• More stable fine texture and cleaner overtone information
• More precise stage and clearer location
• Relaxed, effortless musical flow

Copper-Nickel alloy

Copper-nickel alloys (CuNi) are resistance materials with a defined nickel content in copper. They are characterized by stable electrical properties, good temperature resistance and controlled mechanical behavior in metal grids. Compared to metal-oxide layer systems, they react less rigidly and are therefore less prone to micro-microphonic resonances.

Silver

As an electrode material, silver offers a very good insight into the finest structures: microdetails, decay processes and room information are exceptionally clearly and cleanly perceivable. The presentation appears sober and precise rather than “warming” — without being harsh or unpleasant. It is precisely this restraint that makes the microstructure of the music particularly transparent: calm, high-resolution and very easy to hear.

Silver Metallization (Ag)

Silver metallization uses maximum conductivity and long free path lengths for electrons — fewer active microcontacts, less 1/f noise. Larger particle sizes and lower interference voltages at the grain boundaries result in particularly quiet micro-microphonic behavior, which transmits the smallest levels and high frequencies very finely and stably.

Tonal effects

• More insight: Details, overtones and room information are more clearly visible
• More stable stage and more precise positioning, especially in the tweeter/super tweeter
• Vocal, string and cymbal textures look finer and more complete
• Transients come faster without looking sharp or strained
• Embedded in a calm construction, the result is a transparent resolution with a calm, orderly background

Silver – Gold Metallization (Ag – Au)

The Silver-Gold Metallization combines the maximum conductivity of silver with the interfacial stability of gold. Silver provides precise, finely resolved signal routing with very low noise; gold stabilizes grain boundaries, slows down diffusion and smooths the microspectrum — particularly with small signals and over a long period of time.

Tonal effects

• Finer texture and more stable reproduction of the smallest details (overtones, spatial fractions, fading processes)
• Richer, differentiated timbres with a clear outline — colorful but ordered
• Quieter, more “mature” overall impression: less nervousness, high long-term suitability
• Noticeably more heart, rhythm and joy of playing with insight and precision

Feron Transformer Core

The Feron transformer core coil uses an E core made of grain-oriented Feron sheet and has a significantly stronger magnetic circuit than the I core. This makes it possible to achieve even large inductors with very low internal resistance — ideal for bass and root tone.

The load capacity is usually above 1000 watts . This design is typically mechanically mounted in the housing, not on the printed circuit board.

The result: maximum control, level stability and dynamics under load.

Induction free layout

In AC applications, any conductor geometry potentially looks like a small inductor, even if it doesn't look directly like a coil on the outside. If a resistor is wound or unfavorably guided, an inductive residual component is produced. An induction-free layout constructively reduces this parasitic inductance — for example through layer technology (MOX), bifilar winding or flat thin-film/film structures.

The aim is to achieve as purely ohmic behavior as possible over the relevant frequency range.

High-Temperature Glycol-Based Electrolyte

Our high-temperature glycol-based electrolyte is also used in selected 85 °C types, because it improves energy delivery under load audibly and measurably. It raises the conductivity within the winding, increases ripple current capability and stabilizes the electrical characteristics over temperature and service life. At the same time it stabilizes the winding internally and reduces significant internal relative movement under current load. Beyond that it improves the current flow within the winding at the fine level: impedance and conductivity stay calmer, more even and less modulated even during dynamic load changes.

Aronit Core

Aronit is an iron powder composite core that processes high currents very reliably. Due to the material and construction, behavior remains benign under load, and saturation sets in late and softly. At the same time, eddy current losses are significantly reduced because the iron particles are electrically insulated from one another by the plastic bond.

The result is a robust, level-resistant coil with a stable filter effect. Ideal for bass and fundamental frequency branches when high currents need to be processed safely.

Evo Winding Geometry

The Evo winding geometry uses many narrow turns of the electrode foils, with end-face contacts, instead of a few wide layers. As a result, current paths are shortened and the power distribution over the entire winding surface is significantly more homogeneous. This not only significantly lowers the equivalent series inductance (ESL), but also the equivalent series resistance (ESR) — the capacitor processes transients faster, in a more controlled manner and at the same time remains mechanically more stable and less susceptible to mechanical resonances. The result is a precise, focused and stress-free listening experience that remains organized even with complex music.

Tonal effects

• more precise transients and clear rhythmic structure
• More stable center, clearer localisation and a more focused soundstage
• better transparency in dense, complex music
• more control and sovereignty even at higher levels
• stress-free precision without nervousness
• clean microdetails without temporal smearing

PTFE/FEP Insulated

• Material: PTFE or FEP
• Very low dielectric constant
• Very low dielectric loss factor
• Very low dielectric absorption, resulting in reduced energy storage in the insulator
• Sound effect: clear transients, clear transients, calm spatial imaging, high consistency of details
• Applications: High-quality internal wiring, speaker cables, demanding signal paths

PTFE and FEP are among the most electrically stable insulation materials. Their minimal interaction with the conductor’s electric field supports precise and temporally clean signal transmission.

Bipolar electrolytic capacitors

Bipolar electrolytic capacitors are the AC-resistant special form of electrolytic capacitors and are therefore suitable for music signals. They do not have a fixed plus/minus polarity and can be used where the polarity of the applied voltage is reversed during operation. Typical applications include large capacities in µF in filters and loudspeaker crossovers, when film capacitors would be too large for the same capacity. Here too, the core benefit is: high capacity with a practicable size. They are used in a dedicated manner when space and capacity requirements make economic sense.

Manganin Alloy

Manganin is a copper-based resistance alloy with a defined content of manganese and nickel. It is characterized by a very low temperature coefficient (TCR), high long-term stability and mechanically “softer” behavior in metal lattices. This results in lower conductance fluctuations and reduced micro-microphonic effects compared to harder oxidic layer systems.

4Pole technology

4-pole technology separates charging and load current paths — for energy without load-related voltage breaks directly at the amplifier stage.

In power supplies for signal-processing devices such as amplifiers, streamers or mixing consoles, energy storage devices must keep the supply stable enough so that energy is quickly available at all times. In classic power supply capacitors, the charging path (from the rectifier) and the load path (to the amplifier stage) often share the same internal current path — and this is exactly where voltage drops and modulations occur due to ESR and ESL. The Mundorf 4-Pole technology conducts the current differently: input and output are separated so that charge/ripple currents and load pulses influence each other much less. As a result, the common impedance in the critical load path decreases, the supply remains more stable and energy is available where it is needed. The result is less “pumping” of the supply with high dynamics and a significantly higher energy output in real amplifier operation.

Tonal effects

• More stable dynamics during load variations, fewer supply voltage drops
• more controlled bass and cleaner impulses at peak levels
• quieter overall impression with complex music (less supply modulation)
• More precise stage and clearer contours due to a more stable supply at the amplifier stage

Laser welded connections

Laser welding the connections of power supply capacitors offers considerable advantages over riveted connections widely used in industry.

Rivetted connections can be very reliable, but remain mechanical press connections whose contact surface and contact pressure can vary minimally due to temperature changes and long-term loads. Laser-welded connections, on the other hand, create a continuous metallurgically connection: The current path becomes more defined, contact resistance decreases, and remains constant even over extended periods of time. This directly improves core electrical data — in particular lower ESR, better current distribution in the coil and higher load capacity for ripple and pulse currents. In addition, it has a macro-microphone stabilizing effect because the internal contact point is mechanically “fixed” and works less under load pulses. As a result, energy is available faster and more evenly at the amplifier stage — without interruptions and without additional modulations.

Tonal effects

• more control during load jumps, less compression at high levels
• More stable bass due to lower supply drops
• quieter overall impression with complex music (less contact modulation)
• more consistent sound over the lifetime due to stable contact points

Zero-Ohm Core

The Feron zero-ohm coil combines E and I cores with a defined air gap that prevents core saturation and enables extremely low R_DC values with high inductance. The core size determines R_DC and load capacity; our zero-ohm coils are designed to guarantee at least 300 watts, and significantly more for larger cores or smaller inductors.

The defined air gap ensures controlled behavior under load and high level reserves. This design is typically mounted in the housing.

The result: maximally tight, controlled bass without compression.

Reinforced Metallization

Reinforced metallization means a deliberately thicker metal layer on the insulation film. As a result, the resistance of the electrode tracks drops significantly, conductivity increases, voltage drops and local heating are reduced, and field gradients are flattened. The capacitor remains stable under pulses and high current peaks because the electrode does not become a limiting factor: energy is available more quickly and in a more controlled manner, capacity and losses remain more constant even under load, and signal-related modulations in the metal grid are reduced. The result is superior, powerful and clean transmission behavior — even if it becomes dynamic.

Tonal effects

• controlled, powerful and clear even at peak levels
• Bass and drum impulses with more authority and drawing
• more stable sound without electrode-side “flickering”
• more peace and order in complex, dynamic passages

Air coils

Air coils are the uncompromising reference: maximally linear, without distortions caused by the core. They deliver maximum impulse fidelity and particularly natural, open playback. If space and a sufficiently low DC resistance are possible, air is the first choice.

The Supreme Wrapping Technology

A trump card in the world of Macro-Microphony and electrotechnical parameters

The Supreme wrapping technology sets up two coils with double target capacity and connects them in series internally. This increases mass and internal damping, distributes field forces across two structures and thus reduces macro microphonies very effectively. At the same time, the residual inductance drops to around a quarter of a comparable single coil — fast transients and impulses are transmitted cleanly and in a controlled manner.

Tonal effects

• Superior peace of mind even with very large amounts of energy — the condenser remains mechanically “silent”
• Attack, transients and rhythmic subtleties come quickly, precisely and without procrastination
• Microstructures (overtone trajectories, quiet space, fine movements) are clearly audible without having a clinical effect
• Large, relaxed stage with high fine-detail resolution — like a very good concert hall seat

H-Core

The H-Core has a relatively closed magnetic circuit and therefore operates particularly efficiently. For the same inductance, less conductor length – and thus less copper – is required, which is why very low R_DC values are possible in a compact design.

The trade-off is the saturation margin: H-Cores saturate sooner than P-Cores at high currents. When properly designed, the H-Core delivers a very tight, controlled sound reproduction with high efficiency.

It is particularly well-suited when low resistance and space savings are priorities.

Stranded wire as hepta strand

The division into several individual wires can promote power distribution in the conductor and thus reduce additional losses in certain applications.

Strengths

• Can support clean, controlled power distribution for appropriate tasks
• Hot-melt wire provides excellent mechanical stabilization of the winding on a stranded wire coil
• Interesting for correction elements (equalizer coils) and selected midrange tasks

Maximum Contact between the Coils

The number of contacts or connection lugs between the connection (screw or solder connection) and the coil has a considerable influence on the electrical characteristics of a power supply capacitor. With each additional, sensibly placed contact, ESR and ESL decrease because the current can couple in and out of the coil via several parallel paths. At the same time, eddy current-related losses in the electrode film are reduced because the film is divided into smaller segments in terms of current and no large circulating currents occur. For industrial types, the number of contacts is therefore usually a compromise between electrical performance and economic production. With our top-end capacitors, we are consistently shifting this compromise towards maximum technically feasible contacting.

Tonal effects

• Faster energy flow in case of load jumps, less supply slump
• more control and “punch” in the bass due to lower impedance
• cleaner transients, less reverberation due to lower inductance
• more stable overall impression with high levels and complex music

Feron I-Core

The Feron I-Core coil uses a rod core made of grain-oriented Feron sheet metal and incorporates the material advantages of Feron in a particularly compact design. It integrates seamlessly and is frequently used on printed circuit boards.

Due to its open-core design, it remains exceptionally robust for its size and operates very cleanly at both low and high signal levels. The R_DC is higher than the E-Core or Zero Ohm, but the design is significantly more economical and space-saving.

A clean layout remains important, as the magnetic stray field must be considered for PCB mounting.

Ferrite HP3616

HP3616 is our precision material for low-signal applications: fast, clean and very compact. Particularly in correction links, equalizers and selected midrange tasks, he shows his strength in clarity and definition.

The design is decisive for high currents in the bass, as the magnetization reserves are limited.

P-Core

The P-core is maximally open magnetically and therefore offers very late, soft saturation with a high reserve under load. More copper is required for the same inductance, which is why the R_DC is typically higher than with the H-Core.

It is precisely this exchange that is intended: more goodness and level stability instead of minimal DC resistance. P-Core coils are particularly strong when high currents and dynamic levels are to be safely processed.

They are typically used in bass and root tone applications.

Polypropylene Dielectric

Polypropylene is a high-quality dielectric with a low loss factor, low dielectric absorption and high dielectric strength. These properties enable the storage and delivery of electrical energy with extremely low loss and reduce unwanted recharging effects (dielectric absorption), which can introduce subtle temporal blurring into the music signal. Polypropylene thus forms the electrical basis of many MCAP series and is crucial for neutral, distortion-free signal transmission — and therefore a good prerequisite for all further optimizations.

Maximum Conductive Surface

With alternating current, the current flow is increasingly shifted to the surface of the conductor as the frequency increases (skin effect). The larger the effective conductor surface, the more evenly the current is distributed. This reduces local current density peaks, frequency-dependent increases in resistance and additional losses.